2.4 初等関数の逆関数

1. $w = \sqrt{z} = z^{1/2}$とは $w = z^{1/2} = \sqrt{r}e^{i(\theta + 2n\pi)/2}$を表す.したがって2価関数である.ここで, $z = re^{i\theta}$とすると

$\displaystyle w_{1} = \sqrt{r}e^{i\theta/2}, \ w_{2} = \sqrt{r}e^{(\theta + 2\pi)i/2} = - w_{1} $

2.

(a) $\log{z} = \log_{e}{r} + i (\theta + 2n\pi)\ (n = 0, \pm1, \pm 2, \ldots)$を用いる.

$\displaystyle \log{2} = \log_{e}{2} + i (0 + 2n\pi) = \log_{e}{2} + 2n\pi \ $

(b) $\log{z} = \log_{e}{r} + i (\theta + 2n\pi)\ (n = 0, \pm1, \pm 2, \ldots)$を用いる.

$\displaystyle \log{(-1)} = \log_{e}{\vert-1\vert} + i (\pi + 2n\pi) = i(\pi + 2n\pi) = (2n+1)\pi i $

(c) $\log{z} = \log_{e}{r} + i (\theta + 2n\pi)\ (n = 0, \pm1, \pm 2, \ldots)$を用いる.

$\displaystyle \log{i} = \log_{e}{\vert i\vert} + i (\frac{\pi}{2} + 2n\pi) = i(\frac{\pi}{2} + 2n\pi) = (2n+\frac{1}{2})\pi i $

(d) $\log{z} = \log_{e}{r} + i (\theta + 2n\pi)\ (n = 0, \pm1, \pm 2, \ldots)$を用いる.

$\displaystyle \log{(1+i)} = \log_{e}{\vert 1+i\vert} + i (\frac{\pi}{4} + 2n\pi) = \log_{e}{\sqrt{2}} + (2n+\frac{1}{4})\pi i $

3.

(a) $a^{z} = e^{z\log{a}}$を用いる.

$\displaystyle (-1)^{i} = e^{i\log{(-1)}} = e^{i [\log_{e}{\vert-1\vert} + i(\pi + 2n\pi)]} = e^{-(2n+1)\pi}$

(b) $a^{z} = e^{z\log{a}}$を用いる.

$\displaystyle (i)^{i} = e^{i\log{(i)}} = e^{i [\log_{e}{\vert i\vert} + i(\frac{\pi}{2} + 2n\pi)]} = e^{-(2n+\frac{1}{2})\pi}$

(c) $a^{z} = e^{z\log{a}}$を用いる.


$\displaystyle (2)^{i}$ $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle e^{i\log{(2)}} = e^{i [\log_{e}{\vert 2\vert} + i(0 + 2n\pi)]}$  
  $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle e^{i [\log_{e}{\vert 2\vert}}e^{-2n\pi}$  
  $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle e^{-2n\pi}[\cos{(\log_{e}{2})}+i \sin{(\log_{e}{2})}]$  

(d) $a^{z} = e^{z\log{a}}$を用いる.


$\displaystyle (2)^{1+i}$ $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle 2\cdot2^{i} = 2e^{i\log{(2)}} = 2e^{i [\log_{e}{\vert 2\vert} + i(0 + 2n\pi)]}$  
  $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle 2e^{i [\log_{e}{\vert 2\vert}}e^{-2n\pi}$  
  $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle 2e^{-2n\pi}[\cos{(\log_{e}{2})}+i \sin{(\log_{e}{2})}]$  

4.

(a) $\sin^{-1}{z} = \frac{1}{i}\log{(iz \pm \sqrt{1 - z^2})}$を示す.

$\sin^{-1}{z} = w$とおくと $z = \sin{w}$.ここで複素関数$\sin{w}$は指数関数を用いて定義されていることに注意すると,

$\displaystyle z = \sin{w} = \frac{e^{iw} - e^{-iw}}{2i}$

この式を$w$について解けばよい.
$\displaystyle 2iz$ $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle e^{iw} - e^{-iw} \Rightarrow$  
$\displaystyle 2ize^{iw}$ $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle (e^{iw})^2 - 1 \Rightarrow$  
0 $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle (e^{iw})^2 - 2iz e^{iw} - 1 \Rightarrow$  
$\displaystyle e^{iw}$ $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle iz \pm \sqrt{(iz)^2 + 1} \Rightarrow$  
$\displaystyle iw$ $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle \log(iz \pm \sqrt{(iz)^2 + 1}) \Rightarrow$  
$\displaystyle w$ $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle \frac{1}{i}\log(iz \pm \sqrt{(iz)^2 + 1})$  

注意 $\sqrt{(iz)^2 + 1}$は2価性によって根号の前に$\pm$のついた2つの分枝を同時に表しているものとすれば,$+$だけでよい.

(b) $\tan^{-1}{z} = \frac{1}{2i}\log{\frac{1 + iz}{1 - iz}}$を示す.

$\tan^{-1}{z} = w$とおくと $z = \tan{w}$.ここで複素関数$\tan{w}$は指数関数を用いて定義されていることに注意すると,

$\displaystyle z = \tan{w} = \frac{\sin{w}}{\cos{w}} = \frac{1}{i}\frac{e^{iw} - e^{-iw}}{e^{iw} + e^{-iw}}$

この式を$w$について解けばよい.
$\displaystyle iz(e^{iw} + e^{-iw})$ $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle e^{iw} - e^{-iw} \Rightarrow$  
$\displaystyle iz((e^{iw})^2 + 1)$ $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle (e^{iw})^2 - 1 \Rightarrow$  
$\displaystyle iz + 1$ $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle (1- iz)(e^{iw})^2\Rightarrow$  
$\displaystyle (e^{iw})^2$ $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle \frac{1 + iz}{1 - iz} \Rightarrow$  
$\displaystyle e^{iw}$ $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle \sqrt{\frac{1 + iz}{1 - iz}} \Rightarrow$  
$\displaystyle iw$ $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle \log(\sqrt{\frac{1 + iz}{1 - iz}}) \Rightarrow$  
$\displaystyle w$ $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle \frac{1}{2i}\log(\frac{1 + iz}{1 - iz})$  

5.

(a) $\cos^{-1}{z} = \frac{1}{i}\log(z \pm \sqrt{z^2 - 1})$を用いる.

$\displaystyle \cos^{-1}{(1)} = \frac{1}{i}\log(1 \pm \sqrt{1^2 - 1}) = \frac{1}{i}(\log_{e}{(1)} + i(2n\pi)) = 2n\pi$

別解 $w = \cos^{-1}{(1)}$とおくと $1 = \cos{w} = \frac{e^{iw} + e^{-iw}}{2}$これを$w$について解くと

$\displaystyle (e^{iw})^2 - 2e^{iw} + 1$ $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle 0 \ \Rightarrow$  
$\displaystyle e^{iw}$ $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle 1 \ \Rightarrow$  
$\displaystyle iw$ $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle \log{(1)} = \log_{e}{1} + i(2n\pi) \ \Rightarrow$  
$\displaystyle w$ $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle 2n\pi$  

(b) $\sin^{-1}{z} = \frac{1}{i}\log(iz \pm \sqrt{1 - z^2})$を用いる.

注意

$\displaystyle \log_{e}(2 - \sqrt{3}) = \log_{e}(\frac{(2 -\sqrt{3})(2 + \sqrt{3})}{2 + \sqrt{3}} = \log(\frac{1}{2 + \sqrt{3}}) = -\log{(2 + \sqrt{3})}$

より

$\displaystyle \log_{e}{(2 \pm \sqrt{3})} = \pm \log_{e}{(2 + \sqrt{3})}$


$\displaystyle \sin^{-1}{(2)}$ $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle \frac{1}{i}\log(2i \pm \sqrt{1 - 4})$  
  $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle \frac{1}{i}\log(2i \pm i \sqrt{3}) = \frac{1}{i}\log(i(2 \pm \sqrt{3}))$  
  $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle \frac{1}{i}(\log{(i)} + \log{(2 \pm \sqrt{3})}) = \frac{1}{i}[i(2n + \frac{1}{2})\pi + \log_{e}{(2 \pm \sqrt{3})} + i(2n\pi)]$  
  $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle 2n\pi \pm i \log_{e}(2 + \sqrt{3})$  

(c) $\cos^{-1}{z} = \frac{1}{i}\log(z \pm \sqrt{z^2 - 1})$を用いる.


$\displaystyle \cos^{-1}{(i)}$ $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle \frac{1}{i}\log(i \pm \sqrt{i^2 - 1}) =
\frac{1}{i}\log(i(1 \pm \sqrt{2}))$  
  $\displaystyle =$ $\displaystyle \frac{1}{i}(\log{i} + \log(1 \pm \sqrt{2}))$  

ここで

$\displaystyle \log(1 \pm \sqrt{2}) = \left\{\begin{array}{l}
\log_{e}(1 + \sqrt{2}) + i(2n\pi) \\
\log_{e}(\sqrt{2} - 1) + i(\pi + 2n\pi)
\end{array}\right.$

に注意すると

$\displaystyle \cos^{-1}{(i)} = \left\{\begin{array}{l}
-i[(2n + \frac{1}{2})\pi...
...}) ] \\
-i[(2n + \frac{3}{2})\pi + \log_{e}(\sqrt{2} - 1) ]
\end{array}\right.$