英語の文は主語 + 述語動詞を中心に成り立っている。述語動詞(単に動詞)の性質によって5文型に分けられる。
| 第1文型 | 主語 + | 動詞 | (S + V) | ||
| 第2文型 | 主語 + | 動詞 + | 主格補語 | (S +V + SC) | |
| 第3文型 | 主語 + | 動詞 + | 直接目的語 | (S + V+ DO) | |
| 第4文型 | 主語 + | 動詞 + | 間接目的語 + | 直接目的語 | (S +V + IO + DO) |
| 第5文型 | 主語 + | 動詞 + | 直接目的語 + | 目的格補語 | (S + V+ DO + OC) |
| The batter missed the ball. | The batter missed |
| バッターはボールを打ち損ねた。 | the ball |
| The judge explained the rules. | The judge explained |
| 裁判官は規則を説明した | the rules |
| The building collapsed. |
| ビルが崩れた |
| Cinderella usually slept in the kitchen. |
| シンデレラは普段キッチンで寝た |
| The patient died. |
| 患者は亡くなった |
| Those people are all professors. |
| この人たちは、みな大学教授です |
| Those professors are brilliant. |
| この教授たちはみな頭脳明晰です |
| This room smells bad. |
| この部屋は悪い臭いがする |
| I feel great. |
| とっても気分がいい |
| A victory today seems unlikely. 今日の勝利は見込めないようだ |
have, can, may, must, should, would, ought to, used toなど
| Gregory had forgotten his appointment. |
| グレゴリは約束を忘れてしまった |
| We are flying to Hawaii tomorrow morning. |
| 明日の朝、ハワイへ飛行機で行きます |
| We may be able to attend the rehearsal. |
| リハーサルへ出席できるかもしれません |
| 動詞 | 現在時制 | 過去時制 | 未来時制 | 現在完了時制 | 過去完了時制 | 未来完了時制 |
| to work | I work | I worked | I will work | I have worked | I had worked | I will have worked |
| to write | I write | I wrote | I will write | I have written | I had written | I will have written |
I see him. She sees me. Water freezes at
C.
I saw him yesterday. She saw me last night.
She will see me tomorrow after class.
| I have read his article already (so I know what he says in the article). |
| 私は彼の論文をすでに読んだことがある(だから、その論文でなんと言っているか知っている) |
| She has been sick since last Friday(and she is still in bed). |
| 彼女は先週の金曜日からずっと病気です(そしてまだ床についています) |
| I had read the book before I saw the movie. |
| 映画を見る前にその本を読んでしまった |
| That was the first time we had ever eaten Mexican food. |
| メキシコ料理を食べたのは、それが初めてだった |
| By next Monday, he will have marked all of the papers. |
| 次の月曜までに、試験の採点を済ませているだろう |
| We will have lived here three years in August. |
| 8月でここに3年間住んだことになろう |
| 誤 | He finished his work and hurries away. |
| 正 | He finished his work and hurried away. |
| 彼は仕事を終えてすぐに出て行った |
等位接続詞andで結ばれているので,同じ時制でなければならない.
| 誤 | I will be working on the project when Mr. Dobois arrived. |
| 正 | I was working on the project when Mr. Dobois arrived. |
| Doubois氏が到着したときに,私はプロジェクトの仕事をしていた. |
whenなどの関係副詞で接続された文は時制の一致の規則に従う.
| 1人称(話をしている人) | I am, We are, I go, I think |
| 2人称(話しかれられた人) | you are, you go, you think |
| 3人称(それ以外の人) | he or she is, he goes, they go, she thinks |
動詞の叙法はどのような状況で声明文が作られたかを指し示す。動詞の叙法には、直説法、命令法、仮定法の3つがある。
| Dinner is ready |
| Is dinner ready? |
| Sign your name on the dotted line. |
| Get out of town. |
| 誤 | She wishes her boyfriend is here. |
| 正 | She wishes her boyfriend were here. |
| ボーイフレンドがここにいたらなー |
実際は,ボーイフレンドはここにいない.
| If Juan were more aggressive, he'd be a better player. |
| If they were faster, we could have won the race. |
| We would have passed if we had studied harder. |
(2-4-6c-1) EXERCISE
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
Many subscribers have requested that we
___ the jounals to their offeices.
(A) mails
(B) mailed
(C) mail
(D) mailing
| He acted as if he were guilty. |
| let | make | help | allow | have | require | encourage | motivate | get |
| convince | hire | assist | permit | employ | force | want |
| Professor Villa had her students read four short novels in one week. |
| ビラ教授は彼女の学生に一週間で4冊の小説を読ませた |
| She also made them read five plays in one week. |
| 彼女はまた、一週間で5つの脚本をよませた |
| However, she let them skip the final exam. |
| しかしながら、期末試験を受けなくてもよいことにした |
(2-4-7a-1) EXERCISE
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
The human resources assistant makes all job applicants
___ a typing test.
(A) take
(B) takes
(C) to take
(D) had taken
(2-4-7a-2) EXERCISE
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
The president had her travel agent
___ the reservation.
(A) made
(B) had made
(C) make
(D) makes
(2-4-7a-3) EXERCISE
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
The supervisor had Ms. Fujioka
___ her job responsibilities.
(A) to write
(B) wrote
(C) written
(D) write
| I will get the documents prepared in two languages. |
| 2ヶ国語で書類をそろえてもらいます |
| The new director had the office painted |
| 新しい重役は部屋を塗り替えてもらった |
(2-4-7b-1) EXERCISE
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
The owner of the hotel had the rooms
___ .
(A) redecorated
(B) redecorate
(C) redecorating
(D) to redecorate
(2-4-7b-2) EXERCISE
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
Our company wants its clients
___ with our work.
(A) satisfying
(B) satisfy
(C) satisfied
(D) satisfaction
| She allows her pet parakeet to perch on the windowsill. |
| インコが窓のさんにとまることを許している |
| She hired a carpenter to build a new birdcage. |
| 新しい鳥かごを作るのに大工を雇った |
(2-4-7c-1) EXERCISE
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
The company has never permitted employees
___ pulbic statement.
(A) making
(B) to make
(C) make
(D) made
(2-4-7c-2) EXERCISE
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
The manager got his staff
___ last weekend.
(A) to work
(B) was working
(C) workable
(D) worked
| I requested that he be present at the hearing. |
| He demanded that his students use two-inch margins. |
| She suggested that we be on time tomorrow. |
| The bell captain suggested that more porters be hired. |
| もっとポーターを雇うことを進言した |
(2-4-7d-1) EXERCISE
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
Many subscribers have requested that we
___ the jounals to their offeices.
(A) mails
(B) mailed
(C) mail
(D) mailing
(2-4-7d-2) EXERCISE
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
Many customers have requested that they
___ notice of our sales.
(A) receive
(B) receives
(C) received
(D) receiving
準動詞は動詞から導かれたもので、不定詞(infinitive)、分詞(participle)、動名詞(gerund)がある。
動作の実現にたいして消極的な含みを持つ動詞は動名詞だけを目的語とする。次の動詞は一般に動名詞だけを目的語とする。
| appreciate(感謝する) | I appreciate having the opprotunity to speak. |
| 話す機会をもてることに感謝する | |
| avoid(避ける) | They avoided looking us in the eye. |
| 彼らは私たちの目を見ることを避けた | |
| consider(考慮する) | We considered staying longer. |
| もうちょっと留まることを考えた | |
| delay(遅らせる) | We delayed writing you until we had more information. |
| もっと情報を手にするまで,あなたに手紙を書くことを遅らせた | |
| discuss(討論する) | Have you discussed working together on this project? |
| このプロジェクトを一緒にやることを話し合いましたか | |
| enjoy(享受する) | We enjoyed having you for dinner. |
| 夕食にお招きできて楽しかったです | |
| finish(終了する) | They will finish correcting the report soon. |
| もうすぐ課題の採点が済むでしょう | |
| mind(気にする) | She minded using our toothbrush. |
| 彼女は私たちの歯ブラシを使うことを嫌がった | |
| miss(逸する) | We missed going to the movies with you. |
| postpone(延期する) | Could we posotpone leaving? |
| 帰るのを遅らせないでしょうか | |
| quit(中止する) | He wants to quit smoking. |
| 彼は喫煙をやめたい | |
| risk(賭ける) | They risked losing everything. |
| 彼らは全てを失うことでもやった | |
| suggest(暗示する) | We suggest leaving on time. |
| 定時に帰ることを提案した |
| 誤 | Mr. Yokota enjoys to program computers. |
| 正 | Mr. Yokota enjoys programming computers. |
| Yokotaさんはコンピュータのプログラムを楽しんでいます |
(2-4-8a-1) EXERCISE
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
The clerk finished
___ the order.
(A) verify
(B) to verify
(C) verifying
(D) verified
(2-4-8a-2) EXERCISE
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
The committee postponed
___ until tomorrow.
(A) to vote
(B) voted
(C) vote
(D) voting
(2-4-8a-3) EXERCISE
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
The president considered
___ a train instead of a plane.
(A) taking
(B) will take
(C) taken
(D) to take
動作の実現にたいして積極的な含みを持つ動詞は不定詞だけを目的語とする。次の動詞は一般に不定詞だけを目的語とする。
| agree(同意する) | He agreed to complete the project. |
| 彼はプロジェクトを完成することに同意した | |
| attempt(企てる) | They attempted to climb Mt. Fuji. |
| 富士山に登ることを企てた | |
| claim(主張する) | She claims to be an expert. |
| 彼女は専門家であることを主張した | |
| decide(決心する) | We decided to hire her anyway. |
| 私たちは,いずれにしろ彼女を採用することに決めていた | |
| demand(要求する) | He demanded to know what we were doing? |
| 彼は私たちが何をやっていたかを知ることを要求した | |
| fail(失敗する) | We failed to give a satisfactory answer. |
| 満足できる答えを与えることができなかった | |
| hesitate(躊躇する) | I hasitated to tell the truth. |
| 本当のことを言うことを躊躇した | |
| hope(期待する) | We hope to leave before dawn. |
| 夜明けまでに去りたいと思う | |
| intend(意図する) | She intends to start her own club. |
| 彼女は自分のクラブを始めるつもりです | |
| learn(習得する) | They will learn to swim at camp. |
| キャンプで泳げるようになるでしょう | |
| need(必要とする) | She needs to stop smoking. |
| 彼女は喫煙をやめなければならない | |
| offer(申し出る) | They offered to take us home. |
| 彼らは私たちを家まで送ってくれることを申し出た | |
| plan(計画する) | We plan to accept their offer. |
| 彼らの申し出を受け入れるつもりだ | |
| prepare(準備する) | She prepared to leave. |
| 去る準備をした | |
| refuse(拒絶する) | He refused to come with us. |
| 彼は私たちと一緒に来ることを拒んだ | |
| want(欲する) | He didn't want to leave. |
| 彼は出発したがらなかった |
| 誤 | The computer failed running the program. |
| 正 | The computer failed to run the program. |
| コンピュータはプログラムを走らせるのに失敗した |
(2-4-8b-1) EXERCISE
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
Mr. Ueda is preparing
___ his speech.
(A) give
(B) giving
(C) given
(D) to give
(2-4-8b-2) EXERCISE
Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
We did not want
___ the meeting.
(A) to delay
(B) delaying
(C) delayed
(D) delay
| 名詞用法 | To study is wise.[主語] |
| Tom wants to travel.[直接目的語] | |
| His ambition is to fly.[主格補語] | |
| He does nothing except to loaf.[前置詞の目的語] | |
| 形容詞用法 | This is the road to take. [roadを修飾] |
| We have the freedom to choose our own religion. | |
| 副詞用法 | The book is easy to read. [easyを修飾] |
| She came to help. [cameを修飾] |
| 現在分詞(-ing) | Smiling pleasantly, he greeted us. [heを修飾] |
| 過去分詞 | Delighted, I accepted the trophy.[I を修飾] |
| 主語 | knitting requires patience. |
| 直接目的語 | He enhoys deep sea diving. |
| 主格補語 | Her hobby is collecting stamps |
| 前置詞の目的格 | By hurrying, he arrived on time. |
| 自動詞 | lie (横たわる) |
| 現在時制 | Lie down here. |
| ここに横たわりなさい | |
| 過去時制 | The dog lay on the floor. |
| その犬は床に横たわった | |
| lieの過去分詞 | He had lain down to sleep. |
| 彼は寝るために横たわった | |
| lieの現在分詞 | Clothes were lying on the floor. |
| 衣類が床に横たわっていた |
| 他動詞 | lay (横たえる) |
| 現在時制 | Lay your books here. |
| ここに本を置きなさい | |
| 現在時制 | Now I lay me down to sleep. |
| 寝るために横たえた | |
| layの過去分詞 | She has laid her pen on the desk. |
| 机の上にペンをおいた | |
| layの現在分詞 | Laying his pen down, he looked up. |
| ペンを置いて、上を見上げた |
| 自動詞 | sit (すわる) |
| 現在時制 | The house sits on a hill. |
| その家は丘の上にたっている | |
| 過去時制 | He sat down to rest. |
| 休むために座った | |
| sitの過去分詞 | He has sat there all day. |
| 彼は一日中そこに座っていた | |
| sitの現在分詞 | He has been sitting there. |
| 彼はそこにずっと座っている |
| 他動詞 | set (置く) |
| 現在時制 | set the platter here. |
| ここに皿を置きなさい | |
| 過去時制 | You set it there yesterday. |
| あなたがそこに昨日それをおいた | |
| setの過去分詞 | She has set the table. |
| 彼女がテーブルの準備をした | |
| setの現在分詞 | He has been setting our plants. |
| 彼が私たちの植木を植えてくれている |
この他に、
| 自動詞 | rise(あがる), rose, risen, rising |
| 他動詞 | raise(あげる), raised , raised, raising |
などがある。